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Military Units to Aid Production
Military Units to Aid Production or UMAPs (Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la Producción) were agricultural labor camps operated by the Cuban government from November 1965 to July 1968 in the province of Camagüey.〔Guerra, Lillian. ""Gender policing, homosexuality and the new patriarchy of the Cuban Revolution"." Social History. 35.3 (2010): 268. Web. .〕 The inmates of UMAP hard labor camps consisted of majority anti-castro or anti-dictatorial commmunist Fidel Castro's system or independent thinkers; young men who wants to leave Cuba; majority were catholic men or christian & democratic men; many professional men; a small portion or about 8% to 9% of the immates were homosexual men, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventists, Catholic and Protestant priests, intellectuals, farmers who resisted collectivization, as well as anyone else considered "anti-social" or "counter-revolutionary."〔 Former Intelligence Directorate agent Norberto Fuentes estimated that of approximately 35,000 internees, 507 ended up in psychiatric wards, 72 died from torture, and 180 committed suicide.〔Fuentes, Norberto. Dulces Guerreros Cubanos. Barcelona: 1999. 300-303. Print.〕 A 1967 human rights report from the Organization of American States found that over 30,000 internees are "forced to work for free in state farms from 10 to 12 hours a day, from sunrise to sunset, seven days per week, poor alimentation with rice and spoiled food, unhealthy water, unclean plates, congested barraks, no electricity, letrines, no showers, immates are given the same treatment as political prisoners."〔http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/cuba67sp/cap.1a.htm.〕 The report concludes that the UMAP camps’ two objectives are "facilitating free labor for the state" and "punishing young people who refuse to join communist organizations."〔 The Cuban government maintained that the UMAPs are not labor camps, but part of military service.〔 In a 2010 interview with ''La Jornada'', Fidel Castro admitted in response to a question about the UMAP camps that "Yes, there were moments of great injustice, great injustice!"〔Lira Saade, Carmen. ""Soy el responsable de la persecución a homosexuales que hubo en Cuba: Fidel Castro"."La Jornada 31 08 2010, n. pag. Web.〕
==Origins==
It is rumored that the UMAP camps were initially proposed by Fidel Castro and implemented by Raúl Castro after a state visit to the Soviet Union and Bulgaria, where he learned that the Soviets ran camps for "anti-socials."〔Almendros, Néstor, dir. Improper Conduct. 1984. Film.〕 According to an April 14, 1966 article in ''Granma'', the official state newspaper, the UMAP camps were proposed at a November 1965 meeting between Fidel Castro and military leaders. Both were concerned over how to handle "misplaced elements."〔
''"Quedaba por ver el caso de una serie de elementos desubicados, vagos, que ni trabajaban, ni estudiaban. ¿Qué hacer con ellos? La cuestión era tema de preocupación para los dirigentes de la Revolución.''
''Un día del mes de noviembre del pasado año (1965) un grupo de oficiales se encontraban reunidos en el Estado Mayor General y discutían estas cuestiones. Hablaban con Fidel, el cual compartía esas mismas preocupaciones y le propusieron la creación de la UMAP."''〔
"please note that every person that requested passports & filed request to leave Cuba for another free country, they were fired from their Jobs, and therefore it were many unemployed young men for that reason".
"Still left to consider was the case of misplaced elements, deadbeats, those who neither studied nor worked. What can be done with these people? This question was the worrying concern for the leaders of the Revolution.
One day in November of last year, 1965, a group of military officials met to discuss these questions. They spoke with Fidel, who shared these concerns and proposed to him the creation of the UMAP."’’
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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